Pretext stops and racial profiling after Whren v. United States: the New York and New Jersey responses.

This document cites

• Federal Cases - 155 F.3d 628 (2nd Cir. 1998), 97-6205, Able v. United States
• Federal Cases - 195 F.3d 111 (2nd Cir. 1999), 98-9375, Brown, et al v City of Oneonta
• Federal Cases - 137 F.3d 343 (6th Cir. 1997), 95-5232, United States v. Avery
• Federal Cases - 460 U.S. 491 (1983), 80-2146, Florida v. Royer
• Federal Cases - 470 U.S. 598 (1985), 83-1292, Wayte v. United States



See all quotations

• Federal Cases - 508 U.S. 366 (1993), 91-2019, Minnesota v. Dickerson
• Federal Cases - 517 U.S. 456 (1996), 95-157, United States v. Armstrong
• Federal Cases - 517 U.S. 806 (1996), 95-5841, Whren v. United States
• Federal Cases - 392 U.S. 1 (1968), 67, Terry v. Ohio
• Federal Cases - 422 U.S. 873 (1975), 74-114, United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
• Federal Cases - 428 U.S. 543 (1976), 74-1560, United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
• Federal Cases - 440 U.S. 648 (1979), 77-1571, Delaware v. Prouse
• Arkansas - 970 S.W.2d 789 (Ark. 1998), 97-1310, State v. Earl
• Alabama - 621 So.2d 996 (Ala.Crim.App. 1992), CR 90-981, Scarbrough v. State
• California - 21 Cal.4th 668, S068741, People v. Woods
• Colorado - 945 P.2d 1351 (Colo. 1997), 96SC230, People v. Rodriguez
• Hawaii - 603 P.2d 143 (Hawai'i 1979), 6787, State v. Powell
• Georgia - 492 S.E.2d 762 (Ga.App. 1997), A97A1756, Buffington v. State
• Iowa - 555 N.W.2d 202 (Iowa 1996), 95-1045, State v. Predka
• Idaho - 991 P.2d 388 (Idaho App. 1999), 24748, State v. Dewbre
• Florida - 696 So.2d 757 (Fla. 1997), 88995, Holland v. State
• Indiana - 672 N.E.2d 427 (Ind.App. 1996), 46A03-9512-CR-408, State v. Hollins
• Illinois - 675 N.E.2d 237 (Ill.App. 2 Dist. 1996), 2-95-1286, People v. Orsby
• Kansas - 964 P.2d 681 (Kan. 1998), 76921, State v. Canaan
• Massachusetts - 427 Mass. 490 (1998), Commonwealth v. Smigliano
• Louisiana - 729 So.2d 1019 (La. 1999), 98-KK-0188, State v. Landry
• Maine - 722 A.2d 44 (Me. 1998), Ken-98-117, State v. Bolduc
• Maryland - 735 A.2d 491 (Md. 1999), 127, Ferris v. State
• Minnesota - 557 N.W.2d 575 (Minn. 1997), CX-94-2638, State v. George
• Michigan - 605 N.W.2d 667 (Mich. 2000), 13, People v. Kazmierczak
• North Dakota - 571 N.W.2d 137 (N.D. 1997), 970054, City of Fargo v. Sivertson
• North Carolina - 517 S.E.2d 128 (N.C. 1999), 392A98, State v. McClendon
• New Hampshire - 697 A.2d 495 (N.H. 1997), 96-049, State v. McBreairty
• Missouri - 937 S.W.2d 721 (Mo. 1997), 78742, State v. Lane
• Nebraska - 563 N.W.2d 340 (Neb. 1997), S-96-591, State v. Merrill