How parental liability statutes criminalize and stigmatize minority mothers.

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• Federal Cases - 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996), 94-50569, Hopwood v. State of Tex.
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• Federal Cases - 505 U.S. 833 (1992), Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
• Federal Cases - 515 U.S. 200 (1995), 93-1841, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena



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• Federal Cases - 208 U.S. 412 (1908), 107, Muller v. Oregon
• Federal Cases - 321 U.S. 158 (1944), 98, Prince v. Massachusetts
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• Federal Cases - 349 U.S. 294 (1955), Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Federal Cases - 381 U.S. 479 (1965), 496, Griswold v. Connecticut
• Federal Cases - 388 U.S. 1 (1967), 395, Loving v. Virginia
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• Federal Cases - 431 U.S. 494 (1977), 75-6289, Moore v. City of East Cleveland
• California - 5 Cal.4th 561, S024925, Williams v. Garcetti