Gayffirmative action: the constitutionality of sexual orientation-based affirmative action policies.

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• Federal Cases - 101 F.3d 155 (1st Cir. 1996), 95-2205, Cohen v. Brown University
• Federal Cases - 528 F.3d 42 (1st Cir. 2008), 06-2313, Cook v. Gates
• Federal Cases - 682 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2012), 10-2204, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
• Federal Cases - 16 F.3d 1303 (2nd Cir. 1994), 569, New York State Trawlers Ass'n v. Jorling
• Federal Cases - 699 F.3d 169 (2nd Cir. 2012), 12-2335-cv(L), Windsor v. United States



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• Federal Cases - 612 F.2d 359 (8th Cir. 1980), 79-1218, Planned Parenthood of Minnesota v. State of Minnesota
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• Federal Cases - 881 F.2d 454 (7th Cir. 1989), 88-2771, Ben-Shalom v. Marsh
• Federal Cases - 881 F.2d 466 (7th Cir. 1989), 88-2790, United States v. Kuzniar
• Federal Cases - 922 F.2d 419 (7th Cir. 1991), 90-1747, Milwaukee County Pavers Ass'n v. Fiedler
• Federal Cases - 114 F.3d 665 (7th Cir. 1997), 96-3601, University Professionals of Illinois, Local 4100, IFT-AFT, AFL-CIO v. Edgar
• Federal Cases - 122 F.3d 895 (11th Cir. 1997), 96-5274, Engineering Contractors Ass'n of South Florida Inc. v. Metropolitan Dade County
• Federal Cases - 251 F.3d 604 (7th Cir. 2001), 00-3216, Irizarry v BD of Education of Chicago
• Federal Cases - 256 F.3d 642 (7th Cir. 2001), 00-4161, Bldrs. Ass'n Greater Chicago v Cook County
• Federal Cases - 911 F.2d 1192 (6th Cir. 1990), 89-1022, Long v. City of Saginaw
• Federal Cases - 19 F.3d 857 (3rd Cir. 1994), 92-5633, Pemberthy v. Beyer
• Federal Cases - 1 F.3d 390 (6th Cir. 1993), 92-3340, Brunet v. City of Columbus
• Federal Cases - 128 F.3d 289 (6th Cir. 1997), 94-3855, Equality Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. City of Cincinnati
• Federal Cases - 253 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir. 2001), 99-14493, Danskine v Miami Dade Fire Dept.
• Federal Cases - 705 F.3d 640 (7th Cir. 2013), 12-1854, Wisconsin Education Association Council v. Walker
• Federal Cases - 875 F.2d 699 (9th Cir. 1989), 85-4006, Watkins v. United States Army
• Federal Cases - 31 F.3d 1548 (11th Cir. 1994), 91-7799, Ensley Branch, N.A.A.C.P. v. Seibels
• Federal Cases - 358 F.3d 804 (11th Cir. 2004), 01-16723, Lofton v. Secretary of Dept. of Children and Family Services
• Federal Cases - 895 F.2d 563 (9th Cir. 1990), 87-2987, High Tech Gays v. Defense Indus. Sec. Clearance Office
• Federal Cases - 222 F.3d 157 (4th Cir. 2000), 99-1319, Greenville Women's Clinic v Bryant
• Federal Cases - 6 F.3d 990 (3rd Cir. 1993), 92-1880, Contractors Ass'n of Eastern Pennsylvania, Inc. v. City of Philadelphia
• Federal Cases - 478 F.3d 1316 (11th Cir. 2007), 06-11892, Williams v. Morgan
• Federal Cases - 919 F.2d 593 (9th Cir. 1990), 88-4097, Mountain Water Co. v. Montana Dept. of Public Service Regulation
• Federal Cases - 941 F.2d 910 (9th Cir. 1991), 90-35066, Coral Const. Co. v. King County
• Federal Cases - 699 F.3d 1013 (8th Cir. 2012), 11-3880, Gallagher v. City of Clayton
• Federal Cases - 615 F.3d 233 (4th Cir. 2010), 09-1050, H.B. Rowe Co., Inc. v. Tippett
• Federal Cases - 639 F.3d 91 (4th Cir. 2011), 10-1259, Equity In Athletics, Inc. v. Department of Educ.
• Federal Cases - 772 F.3d 388 (6th Cir. 2014), 14-1341, Deboer v. Snyder